sources10

On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet. 1958-1978



SOURCE NOTES FOR CHAPTER 10


1. Langley Research Ctr., Viking Project Office (VPO), "Minutes, Viking Science Steering Group Meeting Held at Project Office, Langley Research Center," 16-17 Aug. 1973.

2. VPO, "Minutes, Viking Science Steering Group Meeting," 13-14 Feb. 1974. P.2; and Robert C. Blanchard, "Draft Copy of Landing Site Certification Strategy," memo, 4 Sept. 1973, with encl.

3. "Viking Site Planners Expect Data from New Soviet Mars Probes," Aerospace Daily, 14 May 1973, p. 79; Kenneth W. Gatland, "Russians Renew Search for Life on Mars," Christian Science Monitor, 19 Feb. 1974; "More Martian Vapor Discovered," Philadelphia Inquire, 15 Mar. 1974: Christopher S. Wren, "A Soviet Capsule Descends to Mars, "New York Times, 15 Mar. 1974; and "Mars Probes by Soviets Is Failure." Washington Post, 15 Mar. 1974.

4. S. S. Sokolov et al., "Funktsionirovaniye spuskayemogo apparata AMS 'Mars-6' v atmosfere Mars"[Operation of descent module of the Mars 6 automatic interplanetary station in the Martian atmosphere], Kosmicheskiye Issledovaniya 13 (Jan-Feb. 1975, trans. As NASA TTF-16334; V.G.Istomin et al., "Eksperiment po izmereniyu sostava atmosfery Marsa no spuskayemom apparate kosmicheskoy stantsiya 'Mars-6' " [Experiment measuring composition of Martian atmosphere on board the descent module of the Mars 6 space station], Kosmicheskiye Issledonaniya 13 (Jan.-Feb. 1975): tran.as NASA TTF-16335; R. B. Zezin et al., "Analiz rel'yefnykhusloviy v rayone posadki SA AMS 'Mars-6' " [Analysis of terrian conditions in the landing site of the Mars 6 automatic interplanetary station], Kosmicheskiye Isslledonaniya 13 (Jan.-Feb. 1975): 99-107, trans. As NASA TTF-16349; "A Valuable Contribution to Planetology, " Pravda, 17 Mar. 1974, p.3 [interview of R. Z. Sagdeyev, director of the Institute of Cosmic Research, Soviet Academy of Sciences]; E. Kodin and D. Pipko, "From Hypothesis to facts-Experiment 'Earth-Mars,''' Socialist Industry, 17 Mar. 1974; and "Mars Probes Reveal Signs of Life Supporting Environment, " Moscow Tass broadcast in English, 25 Mar. 1974, as reported in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Soviet Union, 26 Mar. 1974, p. U1.

5. VPO, " Minutes, Viking Science Steering Group Meeting Held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory," 9 Apr. 1974, p. 2; idem at Langley Research Center, 20 June 1974, p. 1; idem at Martin Marietta Copr., 13 Aug. 1974, p.4; Edgar M. Cortright to John E. Naugle, "Soviet/U.S. Discussions on Mars Landing Sites, "7 May 1971, with encl., Tobias Owen to A. Thomas Young, 2 Apr. 1971; Robert S. Kraemer to Naugle and Vincent L. Johnson, "Preparation for US/USSR Joint Working Group on Space Research, " 9 July 1971; James S. Martin to Ichtiaque Rasool, "USSR Mars Data, " 14 Aug. 1972; Martin to Henry W. Norris, 27 Mar. 1973, with encl., "Protocol, a Working Session of Soviet and American Scientists for the Discussion of Questions Concerning Explorations of Mars and Venus," n.d.: Rasool to N. J. Trask and Harold Masursky, "Maps from Mariner 9 Data for USSR Mission to Mars in 1973, " 17 July 1973; Masursky to Young, 17 June 1974, with encl., Masursky to Rasool, "Meeting in the USSR on June 4-8, 1974," 17 June 1974; and Masursky, "USSR Mars Coverage," memo, 4 Sept. 1975.

6. The nature of the early discussions about the use of radar and the interpretation of the data collected can be followed in: Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, " Final Report, Radar Studies of Mars, " 15 Jan. 1970; Robert A. Schmitz, "Radar Measurements of Martian Topography," memo, 17 Feb. 1970; Martin to Walter Jakobowski, "Earth-Based Radar and Mariner '71 Data, " 17 Mar. 1970; Jakobowski to Earl W. Glahn, " Radar Studies of Mars for Topographic Data, " 24 Mar. 1970; Schmitz to Jakobowski, " Viking Requirement for Radar Measurement of Mars, " 26 Mar. 1970; Glahn to Jakobowski, " Radar Studies of Mars for Topographic Data, " 30 Mar. 1970; Martin to Jakobowski, " Viking Requirement for Radar Measurements on Mars, "The nature of the early discussions about the use of radar and the interpretation of the data collected can be followed in: Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, "Final Report, Radar Studies of Mars," 31 Mar. and idem 20 Apr.1970 Cortright to Naugle, "Viking Requirement for Radar Measurements of Mars, " 20 May 1970; R. Goldstein to Schmitz, "Mars Radar Observing Schedule, 1971, " 5 June 1970; William E. Brunk, "Funding of Radar Astronomy at the MIT Haystack Antenna for the Fiscal Year 1971, "memo, 10 June 1970; Naugle to Cortright, "Viking Requirements for Radar Measurements of Mars, " 16 June 1970; Schmitz to Young, " Contour Map of Mars, " 24 Aug. 1970 N.A. Renzetti to Norman Pozinsky, "NASA Support Plan for Mars Planentary Radar Observations for Viking, " 17 May 1971, with encl., "DSN Support Plan for Mars Planetary Radar Operations in Support of the Viking Project," 12 Apr. 1971; Schmitz to Gordon H. Pettengill, 6 Mar. 1972, with encl., R. E. Hutton to Schmitz, " Analysis of 1971 Haystack Radar Data, " 25 Feb. 1972; Hutton Schmitz, "Analysis of 1967 and 1969 Haystack Radar Data, " 9 Mar. 1972; Pettengill to Schmitz, 13 Mar. 1972; Schmitz to C. H. Robins, Jr., "1971 Goldstone Radar Measurements of Mars Ellevations, " 1 June 1972; Leo D. Staton 1972; to 15 Jan. 1970, Robert A. Schmitz, "Radar Measurements of Martian Topography," memo, 17 Feb. 1970, Martin to Walter Jakobowski, "Earth-Based Radar and Mariner'71 Data," 17 Mar. 1970; Jakobowski to Earl W. Glahn, "Radar Studies of Mars for Topographic Data," 24 Mar. 1970; Schmitz to Jakobowski, "Viking Requirement for Radar Measurement of Mars," 26 Mar. 1970; Glahn to Jakobowski, "Radar Studies of Mars for Topographic Data," 30 Mar. 1970; Martin to Jakobowski, "Viking Requirement for Radar Measurements on Mars," 31 Mar. and idem 20 Apr. 1970; Cortright to Naugle, "Viking Requirement for Radar Measurements of Mars," 20 May 1970; R. Goldstein to Schmitz, "Mars Radar Observing Schedule,1971," 5 June 1970: William E. Brunk, "Funding of Radar Astronomy at the MIT Haystack Antenna for the Fiscal Year 1971," memo, 10 June 1970:Naugle to Cortright,"Viking Requirements for Radar Measurements of Mars," 16 June 1970, Schmitz to Young, "Contour Map of Mars," 24 Aug. 1970; N. A. Renzetti to Norman Pozinsky, "NASA Support Plan for Mars Planetary Radar Observations for Viking," 17 may 1971, with encl., "DSN Support Plan for Mars Planetary Radar Operations in Support of the Viking Project," 12 Apr. 1971; Schmitz to Gordon H. Pettengill, 6 Mar. 1972, with encl., r. E. Hutton to Schmitz, "Analysis of 1971 Haystack Radar Data, " 25 Feb. 1972; Huton to Schmitz, "Analysis of 1967 and 1969 Haystack Radar Data, " 9 Mar. 1972; Pettengill to Schmitz, 13 Mar. 1972; Schmitz to C. H. Robins, Jr., "1971 Goldstone Radar Measurements of Mars Elevations, " 1 June 1972; Leo D. Station 1972; to Viking Project Off., "Comments concerning the Validity of Radar Results for Dielectric Constants on Mars, " 28 Nov. 1972; Young, "Coordination of Earth-Based Radar Measurements of Mars, " memo, 12 Jan. 1973, with encl., N. N. Krupeniyo and N. Ya. Shapirowskaya. "Dielectric Permeability and Density of the Substance of the Surface layer of Mars. " n.d., NASA TTF-14369; Pettengill to Carl Sagan, 15 Feb. 1973; Staton to Viking Project Off., "Supplementary Notes and Recommendations concerning the Validity of Radar Results fof Dielectric Constants on Mars." 21 Feb. 1973; Martin to Doug J. Mudgway, "Mars Radar Observations," 16 Mar. 1973; G. Leonard Tyler to Maasursky, 5 Dec. 1973; and Tyler to Young, 6 Oct 1975.

7. Sagan to Martin, 3 Feb. 1973.

8. Martin to Cortright, 23 Mar. 1973; Young to Rolf B. Dyce, 13 Mar.1973, with encl., "Minutes, Conference on Earth-based Radar Measurements of Mars for Viking- Arecibo, Puerto Rico. " 21-23 Feb. 1973 ; and Tyler, "Proposal to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration....for Analysis of Radar Data from Mars, " Apr. 1973, proposal RL-24-73. The progress of Tyler's work can be followed in Tyler to Young, "Monthly Progress Repot for Viking Mars Radar Study, " 4 Dec. 1973, 4 Jan. 1974, 4 Feb. 1974, 5 Mar. 1974, 8 Apr. 1974, 1 May 1974, 4 June 1974, 3 July 1974, 7 Aug. 1974 and 12 Sept. 1974.

9. VPO, "Landing Site Working Group Minutes, " 4-5 Nov. 1974; and U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Astrogelogy, Masursky and Mary H. Strobell, "Geological Maps and Terrain Analysis Data for Viking Mars '75 Landing Sites Considered in February and April 1973, " Interagency RPT.: Astrogelogy 60, Dec. 1975, p.3.

10. VVPO, "Minutes, Meeting, landing Site Working Group Subcommittee, Stanford University, " 12 Dec. 1974; VPO, " Minutes, 'C' Site Subcommittee for the Landing Site Working Group, " 6 Feb. 1975; Norman L. Crabill, "Minutes for the February 6, 1975, Meting of the 'C' Site Subcommittee of the Landing Site Working Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory," memo, 14 Mar. 1975; and VPO, "Viking Science Activities," no.82, 21 Feb. 1975, p.4.

11. VPO, "Landing Site Working Group Minutes," 24 Feb. 1975, p. 4; VPO, "Viking Science Activities," no. 83, 14 Mar. 1975; Henry J. Moore to Young, 17 Dec. 1974; Crabill to Tyler, 14 Feb.1975; and Dick Simpson to Crabill, "Proposed Arecibo Mars Observations," 21 Mar. 1975.

12. U. M. Lovelace, "Site A-1 Certification Procedure Review," memo, 27 May 1975, with encl., SA&MP Directorate, landing Site Staff, "Site A-1 Certification Procedure, " draft, SAM-1-14,23 May 1975.

13. W. B. Green, " Evaluation of Viking Site Certification Test I," memo, 14 July 1975; Pat M. Bridges to Masursky, " Analysis of Viking Test Site Data," 10 July 1975; and VPO "Viking Science Activities," no. 88, 25 July 1975, p.4.

14. Young to M. s. Johnson, "A-1Time Line," 30 Sept. 1975; J. f. Newcomb to James D. Porter, "Changes to the Mission 'A' Certification Timeline," 22 Oct. 1975; Newcomb, "Site Certification Timeline for Site A1-Revised October 21, 1975," memo, 24 Oct. 1975; Crabill, "B-1 Timeline Problems," memo, 9 Jan. 1976; Crabill to B. Gentry Lee, "B-1Site Certification Timeline Review, January 13, 1976," 19 Jan. 1976; VPO, " Viking Science Activities," no. 93, 23 Jan. 1976, p.4; Crabill to Viking Flight team, "Change in Date of Preliminary and Firm Commitment Decision Dates in A-1 Site Certification Timeline," 2 Feb. 1976; and Crabill, "Minutes of SAMP Director's Review of B1 Timeline," memo, 11 Feb. 1976.

15. VPO, "Launch and Mission Operations Status Bulletin," no. 10, 20 Aug. 1975 and no. 11, 20 Aug.1975; W. O. Lowrie and H. Wright, " Daily KSC Status (FAX), Dated August 11, 1975," memo, 11 Aug. 1975; idem (daily) for 12-15 and 18-21 Aug. 1975; and Martin and Young, "Viking to Mars: Profile of a Space Expedition," Aeronautics & Aeronautics 14 (Nov. 1976): 31-32.

16. Lowrie and Wright, " Daily KSC Status (FAX), Dated August 22, 1975," memo, 22 Aug. 1975, and idem (daily) for 25-29 Aug. and 2-5 Sept. 1975; SL/Viking Prog. Mgr. To A/Administrator, "Viking Mission Post Launch Report #1," 28 Aug. 1975 idem, #2, 16 Sept. 1975.

17. VPO, "Launch and Mission Operations Status Bulletin," no. 12, 10 Sept. 1975; "Mission Operations Status Bulletin," no. 13, 10 Nov. 1975, and no. 15. 9 Jan. 1976.

18. Marlin and Young, "Viking to Mars," p. 32.

19. VPO, "Viking Science Activities," no. 91, 21 Nov. 1975, and no. 93, 23 Jan. 1976; Crabill, "SAMPD-I Test Minutes," memo, 12 Feb. 1976; and Lee interview`` by Edward C. Ezell, 12 Sept. 1976.

20.Young interview by Ezell, 9 Sept. 1976.

21. Martin interview by Ezell, 9 Sept. 1976; Young interview; and Martin and Young. "Viking or Mars," p. 33.

22. Martin and Young, ''Viking to Mars." p. 34.

23. Crabill, "LSS#1 Minutes," memo. 17 June 1976; " LSS #2 Meeting Minutes," 18 June 1976; "LSS #3 Meeting Minutes," 22 June 1976.

24. Crabill, " LSS#5 Meeting Minutes," memo, 23 June 1976; and Viking press briefing, 23 June 1976 [authors' notes briefings held at JPL, as well as material distributed to the press].

25. Mike Carr interview, 8 Sept. 1976, and Gerald A. Soffen interview, 11 Sept. 1976, both by Ezell.

26. Masursky interview by Ezell, 11 Sept. 1976.

27. Crabill, "LSS #6 Meeting Minutes, " memo, 24 June 1976; Carr interview; Lee interview; and Viking press briefing, 6 July 1976.

28. Viking press briefing, 24 June 1976.

29. Crabill, "LSS #7 Meeting Minutes," memo, 25 June 1976.

30. Viking press briefing, 25 June 1976.

31. Crabill, "LSS #8 Meeting Minutes," 26 June 1976.

32. Crabill, "LSS #9 Meeting Minutes," 28 June 1976.

33. Nick Panagakos interview, 30 June 1976, and Robert Shafer interview, 2 July 1976, both by Ezell.

34. Viking press briefings, 27 and 28 June 1976.

35. Masursky interview. by Ezell, 10 Sept. 1976.

36. Lee interview.

37. Viking press briefing, 29 June 1976; and Crabill, "LSS #12 Meeting Minutes,'' 30 June 1976.

38. Crabill, "#13 LSS Meeting Minutes," 5 July 1976.

39. Crabill, "Minutes of Project Manager's Landing Site Meeting, July 1, 1976, 8:00-10:00 a.m.,"
memo, l July 1976.

40. Viking press briefing, I July 1976; and Martin interview.

41. Lee interview; and Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

42. Crabill."#14 LSS Meeting Minutes,"memo,5 July l976;"LSS #15 Meeting Minutes." 6 July l976;
"#16 LSS Meeting , Minutes," 6 July 1976; and "#17 LSS Minutes,'' 7 July 1976.

43. Crabill, "A1NW Preliminary Radar Assessment Meeting Minutes, July 7, 1976-8:00-10:00 a.m.," memo, 8 July 1976; Grabill "A-1 Preliminary Radar Assessment, June 6, 1976," memo, 9 June 1976 and Crabill "A1/A2 Radar Assessment, June 18, 1976," memo, 20 June 1976. 44. Viking press briefing, 7 July 1976.

45. Crabill. "LSS Meeting #18," memo, 16 Aug. 1976; and Carr interview.

46. VPO, ''Viking Mission Status Report" [7 July 1976].

47. Viking press briefing, 8 July 1976; and Crabill, "Al/A2 Radar Assessment," memo, 20 June 1976.

48. Viking press briefing, 8 July 1976.

49. Crabill, "#19 LSS Minutes," memo, 10 July 1976; "#20 LSS Meeting Minutes," 11 July 1976; and "#21 LSS Meeting Minutes," 12 July 1976.

50. Crabill. "#22 LSS Meeting Minutes," 14 July 1976; Carr interview, and Masursky and Crabill, "The Viking Landing Sites: Selection and Certification," Science 193 (27 Aug. 1976): 809-12.

51. Carr, interiew.

52. Crabill. "#23 LSS Meeting Minutes, " 18 July 1976; and Crabill to Lee, "C Site Latitudes," 20 May 1976.

53. Masursky and Crabill, "The Viking Landing Sites," p. 810.

54. Crabill, "#24 LSS Meeting Minutes," 19July 1976, and "#25 LSS Meeting Minutes,'' 20 July 1976.

55. Crabill, "#29 LSS Meeting Minutes," 24 July 1976.

56. Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

57. Crabill, "#31 LSS Meeting Minutes, "27 July 1976.

58. Masursky and Crabill, "Search for the Viking 2 Landing Site," Science 194 (1 Oct. 1976): 66.

59. Viking press briefing, 25 July 1976; Crabill, "#33 LSS Meeting Minutes," 28 July 1976; and Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

60. Masursky and Crabill, "Search for the Viking 2 Landing Site," p. 66; Crabill, "#39 LSS Meeting Minutes,'' 13 Aug. 1976; and Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

61.Crabill, "#42 LSS Meeting Minutes," 18 Aug. 1976; and Viking press briefing, 18 Aug. 1976.

62. Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

63. Lee interview; Crabill interview by Ezell, 13 Sept. 1976; and Masursky intervievv, 10 Sept. 1976.

64. Crabill. "#42 LSS Meeting," 18 Aug. 1976.

65. Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

66. Crabill, "#43 LSS Meeting Minutes," 19 Aug. 1976: "Minutes of 44th LSS Meeting," 20 Aug.1976; and ''Minutes of 45th LSS Meeting," 23 Aug. 1976; and Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

67. Crabill. "Minutes of 46th LSS Meeting," 28 Aug. 1976.

68. Masursky and Crabill, "Search for the Viking 2 Landing Site," p. 68.

69. Ibid., and Crabill, "Minutes of 46th LSS Meeting," 28 Aug. 1976.

70. Viking press briefing, 27 Aug. and 3 Sept. 1976.

71. Tape recording of communications audio circuits made by J. S. Kukowski; Martin and Young, 'Viking to Mars," pp. 11-45; JPL. ''Mission Status Bulletin," no. 41. 3-4 Sept. 1976; and Viking press briefing, 4.Sept. 1976.

72. Martin and Young, "Viking to Mars," p. 45.

73. Martin interview.

74. Young interview.

75. Soffen interview.

76. Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

77. Soffen interview.

78. Lee interview.

79. Carr interview; and Carr et al., "Preliminary Results from the Viking Orbiter Imaging Experiment, "Science 19 (27 Aug. 1976): 766-76.

80. Masursky interview, 10 Sept. 1976.

81. Masursky telephone interview by Ezell, IS Nov. 1976.

82. Sagan interview by Ezell, 13 Sept. 1976.